Most pain management can be brought under adequate control with the application of basic pain management principles. Experts in pain management and palliative care should be consulted when basic pain management strategies are insufficient. Psychological, social, spiritual, or financial problems can affect a patient’s perception and tolerance of pain.

 The treatment of pain should involve a multidimensional approach with consideration of invasive methods of pain control, optimizing pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, and requesting additional consults (e.g. pain specialists, radiation oncologists, mental health professional, neurosurgeons ) if needed.

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